What is Wool?

Wool is a versatile and durable natural fiber that has been used for clothing and textiles for thousands of years. It is sourced from the fleece of sheep and other animals such as goats, alpacas, and llamas.

Wool fabric is known for its softness, warmth, and breathability, making it a popular choice for winter clothing, blankets, and outerwear. In addition to its functional benefits, wool fabric also has several sustainable advantages. It is a renewable resource, biodegradable, and requires less energy to produce compared to synthetic materials.

The fashion industry has recognized the importance of wool fabric, with many designers incorporating it into their collections. Wool is also a popular choice for outdoor enthusiasts and athletes due to its moisture-wicking properties and ability to regulate body temperature.

How it’s Made | Benefits | Types | Harmful Chemicals | Products | Certifications | Care | Improving | FAQ

How is Wool Fabric Made?

1. Shearing: The first step in wool fabric production is shearing the wool from the animal. This is typically done once a year and is a quick and painless process for the animal.

2. Sorting: After shearing, the wool is sorted based on quality and type. This involves separating the fleece into different categories based on factors such as fiber length, fineness, and color.

3. Cleaning: Once the wool has been sorted, it is cleaned to remove dirt, grease, and other impurities. This is usually done by washing the wool in hot water with a mild detergent.

4. Carding: The next step is carding, which involves brushing the wool fibers to align them in the same direction. This process helps to remove any remaining impurities and create a uniform texture.

5. Spinning: After carding, the wool fibers are spun into yarn. This can be done using a spinning wheel or a machine. The yarn is then wound onto bobbins or cones.

6. Weaving or Knitting: Finally, the yarn is woven or knit into fabric. This can be done using a variety of techniques, such as plain weaving, twill weaving, or knitting. The finished wool fabric is then ready to be used for clothing, blankets, or other textiles.

Overall, the process of making wool fabric involves several steps, from shearing the wool from the animal to weaving or knitting the yarn into fabric. Each step requires specialized equipment and skills to produce high-quality wool fabric.

Benefits of Wool

1. Warmth: Wool is a natural insulator that helps to regulate body temperature and keep you warm in cold weather. It can retain heat even when wet, making it an ideal choice for outdoor activities in wet or snowy conditions.

2. Moisture-wicking: Wool is also excellent at wicking away moisture from the skin, which helps to keep you dry and comfortable. It can absorb up to 30% of its weight in moisture without feeling damp or clammy.

3. Breathability: Wool is naturally breathable, which means it allows air to circulate around your body and prevents overheating. This makes it a great choice for both winter and summer clothing.

4. Durability: Wool is a strong and durable fiber that can withstand heavy use and frequent washing. It is also naturally resistant to wrinkles, stains, and odors.

5. Softness: Wool is naturally soft and comfortable to wear, with a texture that is gentle on the skin. It is also hypoallergenic, which means it is unlikely to cause allergic reactions.

6. Sustainability: Wool is a renewable resource that is biodegradable and has a low environmental impact compared to synthetic materials. It is also produced using sustainable farming practices, which promote healthy ecosystems and animal welfare.

Types of Wool Fabric

1. Merino wool: This is a soft, fine wool that is sourced from Merino sheep. It is known for its excellent moisture-wicking properties, breathability, and warmth. Merino wool is often used in outdoor clothing, sportswear, and base layers.

2. Cashmere wool: This is a luxurious and soft wool that is sourced from the Cashmere goat. It is prized for its fine texture and warmth and is often used in high-end clothing such as sweaters, scarves, and shawls.

3. Angora wool: This is a soft and fluffy wool that is sourced from Angora rabbits. It is known for its warmth and softness, and is often used in sweaters, hats, and other cold-weather clothing.

4. Alpaca wool: This is a soft and lightweight wool that is sourced from Alpaca llamas. It is known for its warmth, softness, and hypoallergenic properties. Alpaca wool is often used in blankets, scarves, and sweaters.

5. Paloma wool: This is a type of wool fabric that is sourced from the Paloma breed of sheep. It is known for its softness, durability, and resistance to pilling. Paloma wool is often used in high-quality suiting, outerwear, and accessories.

6. Shetland wool: This is a coarse and durable wool that is sourced from the Shetland breed of sheep. It is known for its warmth, water resistance, and ability to retain its shape. Shetland wool is often used in outerwear, blankets, and rugs.

Harmful Chemicals in Production of Wool Fabric

1. Pesticides: Sheep are often treated with pesticides to protect them from pests and parasites. These chemicals can be harmful to the environment and may also have negative effects on human health.

2. Insecticides: In addition to pesticides, insecticides may also be used to control insect populations that can damage wool. These chemicals can be toxic to both humans and animals.

3. Dyes: Synthetic dyes are often used to color wool fabric. Some of these dyes may contain harmful chemicals such as heavy metals, which can be toxic to both the environment and human health.

4. Bleaches: Bleaches may be used to lighten or whiten wool fabric. However, these chemicals can be harmful to the environment and may cause skin irritation or other health problems.

5. Finishing agents: Finishing agents such as formaldehyde may be used to improve the appearance or texture of wool fabric. However, these chemicals can be harmful to both human health and the environment.

6. Carbon disulfide: This chemical may be used in the production of some types of wool fabric, such as viscose rayon. It is toxic to humans and can cause a range of health problems, including nerve damage and reproductive issues.

Types of Products using Wool Fabric

1. Clothing: Wool fabric is commonly used for a wide range of clothing items, including sweaters, coats, scarves, hats, and socks. It is a popular choice for winter clothing due to its warmth and moisture-wicking properties.

2. Blankets and throws: Wool fabric is also commonly used for blankets and throws. Its warmth and softness make it a cozy and comfortable choice for snuggling up on the couch or in bed.

3. Rugs and carpets: Wool fabric is a popular material for rugs and carpets due to its durability and natural stain resistance. It is also naturally fire retardant, which makes it a safer choice for home use.

4. Upholstery: Wool fabric is often used for upholstery on furniture such as sofas, chairs, and ottomans. Its durability and natural stain resistance make it a practical choice for high-use areas of the home.

5. Accessories: Wool fabric is commonly used for a range of accessories, including handbags, wallets, and phone cases. Its softness and durability make it a popular choice for everyday items that need to withstand frequent use.

Top Brands using Wool Fabric

1. Pendleton: Pendleton is a popular American brand that specializes in wool clothing, blankets, and accessories. The brand is known for its high-quality wool fabrics and timeless designs, which are inspired by traditional Native American patterns and motifs.

2. Filson: Filson is a Seattle-based brand that has been producing high-quality wool clothing and accessories since 1897. The brand is known for its rugged and durable wool fabrics, which are ideal for outdoor and workwear.

3. Icebreaker: Icebreaker is a New Zealand-based brand that specializes in merino wool clothing for outdoor activities such as hiking, skiing, and running. The brand is known for its high-quality, sustainably sourced wool fabrics, which are naturally moisture-wicking and odor-resistant.

4. Smartwool: Smartwool is a Colorado-based brand that produces a range of merino wool clothing and accessories for outdoor activities. The brand is known for its innovative wool blends and technologies, which are designed to maximize the benefits of wool fabric.

5. Woolrich: Woolrich is an American brand that has been producing wool clothing and blankets since 1830. The brand is known for its classic designs and high-quality wool fabrics, which are made in the USA using sustainable and eco-friendly practices.

Important Certifications with Wool

1. Responsible Wool Standard (RWS): The RWS is a global standard for animal welfare and land management in the wool industry. It ensures that wool is produced in a way that is both sustainable and ethical, and that animals are treated with care and respect.

2. Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS): The GOTS is a certification for organic textiles, including wool. It ensures that all stages of textile production, from the sourcing of raw materials to the final product, meet strict environmental and social criteria.

3. Bluesign: Bluesign is a certification that ensures that textiles are produced using sustainable and eco-friendly processes. It focuses on reducing the use of harmful chemicals and promoting responsible water and energy use.

4. OEKO-TEX: The OEKO-TEX certification ensures that textile products are free from harmful substances and safe for human use. It tests for a range of substances, including pesticides, heavy metals, and formaldehyde.

5. Woolmark: The Woolmark certification is a quality mark for wool products that meet strict standards for fiber quality, durability, and performance. It is a sign of premium quality wool that has been tested and certified by independent laboratories.

Alternative Fabrics to Wool

1. Cotton: Cotton is a natural fiber that is commonly used for clothing, bedding, and other textiles. It is soft, breathable, and easy to care for, making it a popular alternative to wool.

2. Polyester: Polyester is a synthetic fabric that is lightweight, durable, and wrinkle-resistant. It is often used for activewear, outdoor clothing, and other applications where durability and performance are important.

3. Rayon: Rayon is a semi-synthetic fabric that is made from wood pulp. It is soft, lightweight, and breathable, and is often used for clothing, bedding, and home decor.

4. Silk: Silk is a natural fiber that is known for its softness and lustrous shine. It is often used for high-end clothing, bedding, and accessories.

5. Hemp: Hemp is a natural fiber that is durable, breathable, and eco-friendly. It is often used for clothing, bags, and other textiles.

6. Bamboo: Bamboo is a natural fiber that is lightweight, soft, and breathable. It is often used for clothing, bedding, and other textiles, and is known for its eco-friendly properties.

How to Care for and Maintain Wool

1. Read the care label: Always check the care label on your wool garment before washing or cleaning it. The label should provide specific instructions for caring for the garment, including any recommended washing temperatures or dry-cleaning methods.

2. Hand washing: Wool is often best washed by hand to avoid damage or shrinkage. Use a mild detergent and lukewarm water, and gently agitate the garment to remove any dirt or grime. Rinse thoroughly and gently squeeze out excess water before laying the garment flat to dry.

3. Machine washing: If machine washing is recommended, use a delicate cycle and cold water. Use a mild detergent and avoid using bleach or fabric softeners, which can damage the fibers. Always separate wool garments from other items to prevent snagging or damage.

4. Drying: Never put wool garments in the dryer, as the heat can cause shrinkage or damage to the fibers. Instead, lay the garment flat on a clean towel to air dry, gently reshaping it as needed.

5. Storing: Wool garments should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture. Fold garments carefully to avoid stretching or distortion and avoid hanging heavy garments on hangers for extended periods of time.

6. Spot cleaning: For small stains or spills, spot clean the affected area with a mild detergent and lukewarm water. Blot the area gently with a clean cloth, being careful not to rub or scrub the fibers.

Washing and Drying Wool Tips

1. Hand wash wool garments whenever possible, using lukewarm water and a mild detergent. Avoid using hot water or harsh chemicals, which can damage the fibers.

2. If machine washing is necessary, use a delicate cycle and cold water. Use a wool-specific detergent and avoid using bleach or fabric softeners.

3. Never put wool garments in the dryer, as the heat can cause shrinkage or damage to the fibers. Instead, lay the garment flat on a clean towel to air dry, gently reshaping it as needed.

4. Avoid wringing or twisting wool garments, which can damage the fibers and cause stretching or distortion.

5. If ironing is necessary, use a low heat setting and a pressing cloth to protect the fibers from direct heat.

Common Mistakes to Avoid with Wool

1. Avoid using hot water or harsh chemicals when washing wool garments, as this can cause shrinkage or damage to the fibers.

2. Never put wool garments in the dryer, as this can cause shrinkage or damage to the fibers.

3. Avoid using bleach or fabric softeners on wool garments, as these can damage the fibers and affect the natural properties of the wool.

4. Never wring or twist wool garments, as this can damage the fibers and cause stretching or distortion.

5. Avoid storing wool garments in damp or humid environments, as this can cause mildew or odors.

How is Wool Fabric Improving

1. Sustainable and eco-friendly practices: There is a growing trend in the wool industry towards more sustainable and eco-friendly practices, including responsible animal welfare, land management, and production processes. Certifications such as the Responsible Wool Standard and the Global Organic Textile Standard are helping to promote these practices and improve the overall sustainability of the wool industry.

2. Innovative blends and technologies: Wool blends with other materials such as cotton, silk, or bamboo are becoming increasingly popular, offering new combinations of properties and benefits. New technologies are also being developed to improve the performance and durability of wool fabrics, such as anti-microbial treatments and water-repellent finishes.

3. Recycling and upcycling: Wool fabric is a natural and renewable resource that can be recycled or upcycled into new products. Recycling initiatives are being developed to reduce waste and promote a circular economy in the wool industry.

4. Improved accessibility: Wool fabric is becoming more accessible to consumers through a variety of channels, including online shopping, sustainable fashion boutiques, and direct-to-consumer brands. This is helping to increase awareness and demand for wool products and promote sustainable and ethical practices in the industry.

FAQ

Is wool waterproof?

No, wool is not completely waterproof, but it is naturally water-resistant due to its unique structure and properties. It can absorb up to 30% of its weight in moisture without feeling wet to the touch.

What is worsted wool?

Worsted wool is a type of wool fabric that is made from long, fine fibers that are combed and spun tightly to produce a smooth, durable fabric. It is often used for suits and other high-end clothing items.

What is virgin wool?

Virgin wool is wool that has never been used or processed before. It is considered to be of higher quality than recycled or second-hand wool.

Is wool vegan?

No, wool is not considered vegan because it comes from animals. However, there are some alternative fibers that can be used as substitutes for wool, such as cotton or synthetic materials.

How to make wool less itchy?

Wool can sometimes feel itchy or scratchy against the skin. To make wool less itchy, try washing it in a gentle detergent or fabric softener, or wearing a layer of clothing underneath the wool garment.

Where does wool come from?

Wool comes from the hair of sheep, goats, llamas, and other animals. It is sheared or clipped from the animal's fleece and then cleaned and processed to produce wool fabric.

Is cashmere wool?

Yes, cashmere is a type of wool that comes from the soft undercoat of the cashmere goat. It is known for its softness and luxurious feel.

Does wool shrink?

Yes, wool can shrink if it is exposed to heat or agitation during washing or drying. To prevent shrinkage, always follow the care label instructions and avoid exposing wool to high heat.

What is Merino wool?

Merino wool is a type of wool that comes from the merino sheep. It is known for its softness, warmth, and moisture-wicking properties, and is often used for outdoor clothing and activewear.

How to felt wool?

Felting wool involves applying heat and agitation to wool fibers to create a dense, compact fabric. This can be done by washing the wool in hot water and then rubbing or rolling it together to create friction.

How to remove stains from wool?

To remove stains from wool, first blot the affected area with a clean cloth to remove any excess liquid. Then, apply a small amount of mild detergent and water to the stain, and gently rub the fabric together. Rinse thoroughly with water and air dry.

How to store wool?

Wool should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture. Fold garments carefully to avoid stretching or distortion and use natural moth repellents such as cedar chips or lavender sachets to protect the fabric from damage.

How to tell if wool is high quality?

High-quality wool should feel soft and luxurious to the touch, with a fine texture and even appearance. Look for wool fabrics that are made from long, fine fibers and have been processed using sustainable and ethical practices.

Final thoughts

Wool fabric is a versatile and sustainable material that offers a range of benefits for a variety of applications. From the warmth and moisture-wicking properties of merino wool to the luxurious softness of cashmere, there are many different types of wool fabric to choose from.

Wool is a natural and renewable resource that is biodegradable and eco-friendly, making it a responsible choice for conscious consumers. Its natural properties such as warmth, breathability, and durability make it a practical choice for clothing, blankets, and home decor.

By caring for wool fabric properly and choosing products that meet sustainable and ethical standards, we can support responsible and eco-friendly practices in the wool industry and enjoy the many benefits that this unique material has to offer.